美国文化"芭比娃娃"有什么历史背景?
原因之一，应该是很重要的先入为主的观念。露丝创新的理念，使芭比开天辟地的成为了第一款这种以成人形象而出现，并且造型百变的娃娃，进而迅速的占领人心和市场，上升为美国娃娃的首席代言。因此，只要一提到黄金比例、天使脸孔、迷人微笑、无限时尚的娃娃，人们心中的第一个念头，就是芭比娃娃。
原因之二，源于芭比娃娃芭比的灵感来源。芭比娃娃经历了50年的不断发展，她的设计灵感多数都来自美国社会的女性，无论是白人还是黑人女性，表现了她们的身份、职业，从小陪伴她们一起长大。她所展现的气质也是美国人心目中的理想女性，自信、独立、优雅、高贵、美丽、坚强、阳光等等。这些使很多女孩子从小即以芭比娃娃为理想，“长大后要成为芭比那样的女性”是很多小朋友们美好的童年心愿。
原因之三，是芭比娃娃的文化来源。不难发现，发展至今，芭比娃娃的很多设计源于美国出品的经典电影。例如“绿野仙踪”系列，“星舰迷航”系列，“高校音乐会”系列，以及很多经典的好莱坞六七十年代的电影再现，如“茱莉亚”芭比，“我爱露西”系列，“火爆浪子”系列等等等等。 鉴于以上，芭比娃娃实际上是真正的“源于美国、生于美国、长于美国”的土生土长的“美国丽人”。再加之她历经五十年的风雨岁月始终风行于潮头浪尖，及世界各地，她无论如何也应称作是“美国人的骄傲”，毕竟这位土生土长的美国姑娘现在已经深入世界各国人们的心中，成为全世界小朋友们的共同财富和兴趣。这在娃娃的历史上目前还没有什么其他的娃娃可以相比的。
Barbie
Barbie is a best-selling fashion doll launched in 1959. The doll is produced by Mattel, Inc., and is a major source of revenue for the company. The American businesswoman Ruth Handler (1916-2002) is regarded as the creator of Barbie, and the doll's design was inspired by a German doll called Bild Lilli.
Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for nearly fifty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parody of the doll and her lifestyle. In recent years, Barbie has faced increasing competition from the Bratz range of dolls.
Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published by Random House in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin. Barbie has been said to attend Willows High School and Manhattan International High School in New York City, based on the real-life Stuyvesant High School. She has an on-off romantic relationship with her beau Ken (Ken Carson), who first appeared in 1961. Like Barbie, Ken shares his name with one of Ruth Handler's children. A news release from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, but in February 2006 they were back together again.
American culture
The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deploitation(开拓, 经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.
egocentric: .自我中心的, 利己主义的
American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes. Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind. Americans have very strong senses of success. Success is the pursuit of most Americans, it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward. They believe that one's personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career. Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes. The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children.
incentive: Serving to induce or motivate:
American society has great movements within itself. These movements are shown in two aspects: movements amongst locations and movements inside the society. The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom. Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities, from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land, from one city to another. Unlike European countries, the social classes in America is not so stable. Further more, with the advocation of public education, movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible. Many people living in the states, no matter whether they are Native American or immigrants from overseas, have the same dream of changing their social class and make their lifetime dream come true through their own efforts. This is what they often called "American dream".
advocation：(=advocacy)拥护；支持
美国文化的主要内容是强调个人价值，追求民主自由，崇尚开拓和竞争，讲求理性和实用，其核心是个人中心主义：个人至上、私欲至上、追求个人利益和个人享受，强调通过个人奋斗、个人自我设计，追求个人价值的最终实现。这种刻意塑造自我，追求个性化的个人主义有其积极的一面，也有消极的一面。它调动了个人的积极性，使许多人的智慧和潜力得以充分发挥，从而促进整个民族与国家的振兴和发展。然而，人人以我为中心，人际关系就难以融洽，整个社会也会缺乏凝聚力。
美国公众注重成就，仰慕英雄，有深厚的成就崇拜和英雄崇拜的心理积淀。个人成就是所有美国人价值观中评价最高的价值之一。美国人有很强的成就(或成功)意识。成功是所有美国人的追求，是诱人的前景，前进的动力。他们坚信，一个人的价值就等于他在事业上的成就。一些事业有成的企业家、科学家、艺术家和各类明星，成了新时代的英雄。他们个人奋斗的过程和结果，成了社会文化价值取向的参照系，父母教育子女的活教材。
美国是流动性很大的社会。这种流动体现在两个方面：地域性流动和社会性流动。美国相对的开放自由、发达的交通和冒险好动的传统使许多美国人从乡村流到城市，又从市中心流向郊区；从北方流到南方阳光地带，从一个城市流到另一个城市。美国社会阶级不像欧洲国家那样固定，加上公共教育的普及，使沿着社会阶梯向上流动成为可能。许多生活在美国的人，无论是土生土长的美国人，还是漂洋过海来到美国的外国移民，都有一个梦，即通过自己的努力，改变自己的社会地位，实现自己的人生梦想，这就是人们常津津乐道的“美国梦”。
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