求普朗克的英文简介
Max Planck
born April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig [Germany]
died Oct. 4, 1947, Göttingen, W.Ger.
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918.
Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame rests primarily on his role as originator of the quantum theory. This theory revolutionized our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes, just as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of space and time. Together they constitute the fundamental theories of 20th-century physics. Both have forced man to revise some of his most cherished philosophical beliefs, and both have led to industrial and military applications that affect every aspect of modern life.
Early life
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was the sixth child of a distinguished jurist and professor of law at the University of Kiel. The long family tradition of devotion to church and state, excellence in scholarship, incorruptibility, conservatism, idealism, reliability, and generosity became deeply ingrained in Planck's own life and work. When Planck was nine years old, his father received an appointment at the University of Munich, and Planck entered the city's renowned Maximilian Gymnasium, where a teacher, Hermann Müller, stimulated his interest in physics and mathematics. But Planck excelled in all subjects, and after graduation at age 17 he faced a difficult career decision. He ultimately chose physics over classical philology or music because he had dispassionately reached the conclusion that it was in physics that his greatest originality lay. Music, nonetheless, remained an integral part of his life. He possessed the gift of absolute pitch and was an excellent pianist who daily found serenity and delight at the keyboard, enjoying especially the works of Schubert and Brahms. He also loved the outdoors, taking long walks each day and hiking and climbing in the mountains on vacations, even in advanced old age.
Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874 but found little encouragement there from physics professor Philipp von Jolly. During a year spent at the University of Berlin (1877–78), he was unimpressed by the lectures of Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, despite their eminence as research scientists. His intellectual capacities were, however, brought to a focus as the result of his independent study, especially of Rudolf Clausius' writings on thermodynamics. Returning to Munich, he received his doctoral degree in July 1879 (the year of Einstein's birth) at the unusually young age of 21. The following year he completed his Habilitationsschrift (qualifying dissertation) at Munich and became a Privatdozent (lecturer). In 1885, with the help of his father's professional connections, he was appointed ausserordentlicher Professor (associate professor) at the University of Kiel. In 1889, after the death of Kirchhoff, Planck received an appointment to the University of Berlin, where he came to venerate Helmholtz as a mentor and colleague. In 1892 he was promoted to ordentlicher Professor (full professor). He had only nine doctoral students altogether, but his Berlin lectures on all branches of theoretical physics went through many editions and exerted great influence. He remained in Berlin for the rest of his active life.
Planck recalled that his “original decision to devote myself to science was a direct result of the discovery . . . that the laws of human reasoning coincide with the laws governing the sequences of the impressions we receive from the world about us; that, therefore, pure reasoning can enable man to gain an insight into the mechanism of the [world]. . . .” He deliberately decided, in other words, to become a theoretical physicist at a time when theoretical physics was not yet recognized as a discipline in its own right. But he went further: he concluded that the existence of physical laws presupposes that the “outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared . . . as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.”
The first instance of an absolute in nature that impressed Planck deeply, even as a Gymnasium student, was the law of the conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics. Later, during his university years, he became equally convinced that the entropy law, the second law of thermodynamics, was also an absolute law of nature. The second law became the subject of his doctoral dissertation at Munich, and it lay at the core of the researches that led him to discover the quantum of action, now known as Planck's constant h, in 1900.
In 1859–60 Kirchhoff had defined a blackbody as an object that reemits all of the radiant energy incident upon it; i.e., it is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. There was, therefore, something absolute about blackbody radiation, and by the 1890s various experimental and theoretical attempts had been made to determine its spectral energy distribution—the curve displaying how much radiant energy is emitted at different frequencies for a given temperature of the blackbody. Planck was particularly attracted to the formula found in 1896 by his colleague Wilhelm Wien at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, and he subsequently made a series of attempts to derive “Wien's law” on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics. By October 1900, however, other colleagues at the PTR, the experimentalists Otto Richard Lummer, Ernst Pringsheim, Heinrich Rubens, and Ferdinand Kurlbaum, had found definite indications that Wien's law, while valid at high frequencies, broke down completely at low frequencies.
Planck learned of these results just before a meeting of the German Physical Society on October 19. He knew how the entropy of the radiation had to depend mathematically upon its energy in the high-frequency region if Wien's law held there. He also saw what this dependence had to be in the low-frequency region in order to reproduce the experimental results there. Planck guessed, therefore, that he should try to combine these two expressions in the simplest way possible, and to transform the result into a formula relating the energy of the radiation to its frequency.
The result, which is known as Planck's radiation law, was hailed as indisputably correct. To Planck, however, it was simply a guess, a “lucky intuition.” If it was to be taken seriously, it had to be derived somehow from first principles. That was the task to which Planck immediately directed his energies, and by December 14, 1900, he had succeeded—but at great cost. To achieve his goal, Planck found that he had to relinquish one of his own most cherished beliefs, that the second law of thermodynamics was an absolute law of nature. Instead he had to embrace Ludwig Boltzmann's interpretation, that the second law was a statistical law. In addition, Planck had to assume that the oscillators comprising the blackbody and re-emitting the radiant energy incident upon them could not absorb this energy continuously but only in discrete amounts, in quanta of energy; only by statistically distributing these quanta, each containing an amount of energy hn proportional to its frequency, over all of the oscillators present in the blackbody could Planck derive the formula he had hit upon two months earlier. He adduced additional evidence for the importance of his formula by using it to evaluate the constant h (his value was 6.55 ´ 10-27 erg-second, close to the modern value), as well as the so-called Boltzmann constant (the fundamental constant in kinetic theory and statistical mechanics), Avogadro's number, and the charge of the electron. As time went on physicists recognized ever more clearly that—because Planck's constant was not zero but had a small but finite value—the microphysical world, the world of atomic dimensions, could not in principle be described by ordinary classical mechanics. A profound revolution in physical theory was in the making.
Planck's concept of energy quanta, in other words, conflicted fundamentally with all past physical theory. He was driven to introduce it strictly by the force of his logic; he was, as one historian put it, a reluctant revolutionary. Indeed, it was years before the far-reaching consequences of Planck's achievement were generally recognized, and in this Einstein played a central role. In 1905, independently of Planck's work, Einstein argued that under certain circumstances radiant energy itself seemed to consist of quanta (light quanta, later called photons), and in 1907 he showed the generality of the quantum hypothesis by using it to interpret the temperature dependence of the specific heats of solids. In 1909 Einstein introduced the wave–particle duality into physics. In October 1911 he was among the group of prominent physicists who attended the first Solvay conference in Brussels. The discussions there stimulated Henri Poincaré to provide a mathematical proof that Planck's radiation law necessarily required the introduction of quanta—a proof that converted James (later Sir James) Jeans and others into supporters of the quantum theory. In 1913 Niels Bohr also contributed greatly to its establishment through his quantum theory of the hydrogen atom. Ironically, Planck himself was one of the last to struggle for a return to classical theory, a stance he later regarded not with regret but as a means by which he had thoroughly convinced himself of the necessity of the quantum theory. Opposition to Einstein's radical light quantum hypothesis of 1905 persisted until after the discovery of the Compton effect in 1922.
Planck was 42 years old in 1900 when he made the famous discovery that in 1918 won him the Nobel Prize for Physics and that brought him many other honours. It is not surprising that he subsequently made no discoveries of comparable importance. Nevertheless, he continued to contribute at a high level to various branches of optics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, and other fields. He was also the first prominent physicist to champion Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905). “The velocity of light is to the Theory of Relativity,” Planck remarked, “as the elementary quantum of action is to the Quantum Theory; it is its absolute core.” In 1914 Planck and the physical chemist Walther Hermann Nernst succeeded in bringing Einstein to Berlin, and after the war, in 1919, arrangements were made for Max von Laue, Planck's favourite student, to come to Berlin as well. When Planck retired in 1928, another prominent theoretical physicist, Erwin Schrödinger, the originator of wave mechanics, was chosen as his successor. For a time, therefore, Berlin shone brilliantly as a centre of theoretical physics—until darkness enveloped it in January 1933 with the ascent of Adolf Hitler to power.
In his later years, Planck devoted more and more of his writings to philosophical, aesthetic, and religious questions. Together with Einstein and Schrödinger, he remained adamantly opposed to the indeterministic, statistical worldview introduced by Bohr, Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and others into physics after the advent of quantum mechanics in 1925–26. Such a view was not in harmony with Planck's deepest intuitions and beliefs. The physical universe, Planck argued, is an objective entity existing independently of man; the observer and the observed are not intimately coupled, as Bohr and his school would have it.
Planck became permanent secretary of the mathematics and physics sections of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1912 and held that position until 1938; he was also president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (now the Max Planck Society) from 1930 to 1937. These offices and others placed Planck in a position of great authority, especially among German physicists; seldom were his decisions or advice questioned. His authority, however, stemmed fundamentally not from the official appointments he held but from his personal moral force. His fairness, integrity, and wisdom were beyond question. It was completely in character that Planck went directly to Hitler in an attempt to reverse Hitler's devastating racial policies and that he chose to remain in Germany during the Nazi period to try to preserve what he could of German physics.
Planck was a man of indomitable will. Had he been less stoic, and had he had less philosophical and religious conviction, he could scarcely have withstood the tragedies that entered his life after age 50. In 1909, his first wife, Marie Merck, the daughter of a Munich banker, died after 22 years of happy marriage, leaving Planck with two sons and twin daughters. The elder son, Karl, was killed in action in 1916. The following year, Margarete, one of his daughters, died in childbirth, and in 1919 the same fate befell Emma, his other daughter. World War II brought further tragedy. Planck's house in Berlin was completely destroyed by bombs in 1944. Far worse, the younger son, Erwin, was implicated in the attempt made on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944, and in early 1945 he died a horrible death at the hands of the Gestapo. That merciless act destroyed Planck's will to live. At war's end, American officers took Planck and his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, whom he had married in 1910 and by whom he had had one son, to Göttingen. There, in 1947, in his 89th year, he died. Death, in the words of James Franck, came to him “as a redemption.”
Editions of Planck's works include The Theory of Heat Radiation (1914, reprinted 1991; originally published in German, 2nd rev. ed., 1913); Where Is Science Going?, trans. from German (1932, reprinted 1981), discussing free will and determinism; and The Philosophy of Physics, trans. from German (1936, reissued 1963). Planck described his life and work in his Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers, trans. from German (1949, reissued 1968). Henry Lowood (compiler), Max Planck: A Bibliography of His Non-Technical Writings (1977), lists more than 600 articles published between 1879 and 1976.
Hans Kangro, “Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck,” in Charles Coulston Gillispie (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 11 (1975), pp. 7–17, contains an excellent short biography. Armin Hermann, Max Planck in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (1973); and Hans Hartmann, Max Planck als Mensch und Denker (1953, reissued 1964), are biographies in German. J.L. Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman for German Science (1986), concentrates on the moral dilemmas Planck faced.
Technical books that treat Planck's work and the history of quantum physics include Edmund Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, rev. and enlarged ed., vol. 2, The Modern Theories, 1900–1926 (1953, reissued 1987); Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (1966, reissued 1989); Armin Hermann, The Genesis of Quantum Theory (1899–1913) (1971; originally published in German, 1969); Roger H. Stuewer, The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics (1975); Hans Kangro, Early History of Planck's Radiation Law (1976; originally published in German, 1970); and Thomas S. Kuhn, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 (1978, reprinted 1987).
Nontechnical books include Barbara Lovett Cline, The Questioners: Physicists and the Quantum Theory (1965); Emilio Segrè, From X-Rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries (1980); Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck (1980); and Alex Keller, The Infancy of Atomic Physics: Hercules in His Cradle (1983). Especially noteworthy are three articles by Martin J. Klein: “Max Planck and the Beginning of the Quantum Theory,” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 1(5):459–479 (1962), “Planck, Entropy, and Quanta, 1901–1906,” The Natural Philosopher, 1:83–108 (1963), and “Thermodynamics and Quanta in Planck's Work,” Physics Today, 19:23–32 (1966).
1 普朗克简介
一、生平简介
普朗克，M.（Max Planck 1858～1947）近代伟大的德国物理学家，量子论的奠基人。1858年4月23日生于基尔。1867年，其父民法学教授J.W.von普朗克应慕尼黑大学的聘请任教，从而举家迁往慕尼黑。普朗克在慕尼黑度过了少年时期，1874年入慕尼黑大学。1877～1878年间，去柏林大学听过数学家K.外尔斯特拉斯和物理学家H.von亥姆霍兹和G.R.基尔霍夫的讲课。普朗克晚年回忆这段经历时说，这两位物理学家的人品和治学态度对他有深刻影响，但他们的讲课却不能吸引他。在柏林期间，普朗克认真自学了R.克劳修斯的主要著作《力学的热理论》，使他立志去寻找象热力学定律那样具有普遍性的规律。1879年普朗克在慕尼黑大学得博士学位后，先后在慕尼黑大学和基尔大学任教。1888年基尔霍夫逝世后，柏林大学任命他为基尔霍夫的继任人（先任副教授，1892年后任教授）和理论物理学研究所主任。1900年，他在黑体辐射研究中引入能量量子。由于这一发现对物理学的发展作出的贡献，他获得1918年诺贝尔物理学奖。
自20世纪20年代以来，普朗克成了德国科学界的中心人物，与当时德国以及国外的知名物理学家都有着密切联系。1918年被选为英国皇家学会会员，1930～1937年他担任威廉皇帝协会会长。在那时期，柏林、哥廷根、慕尼黑、莱比锡等大学成为世界科学的中心，是同普朗克、W.能斯脱、A.索末菲等人的努力分不开的。在纳粹攫取德国政权后，以一个科学家对科学、对祖国的满腔热情与纳粹分子展开了，为捍卫科学的尊严而斗争。1947年10月4日在哥廷根逝世。
二、科学成就
1.普朗克早期的研究领域主要是热力学。他的博士论文就是《论热力学的第二定律》。此后，他从热力学的观点对物质的聚集态的变化、气体与溶液理论等进行了研究。
2.提出能量子概念
普朗克在物理学上最主要的成就是提出著名的普朗克辐射公式，创立能量子概念。
19世纪末，人们用经典物理学解释黑体辐射实验的时候，出现了著名的所谓“紫外灾难”。虽然瑞利、金斯（1877—1946）和维恩（1864—1928）分别提出了两个公式，企图弄清黑体辐射的规律，但是和实验相比，瑞利-金斯公式只在低频范围符合，而维恩公式只在高频范围符合。普朗克从1896年开始对热辐射进行了系统的研究。他经过几年艰苦努力，终于导出了一个和实验相符的公式。他于1900年10月下旬在《德国物理学会通报》上发表一篇只有三页纸的论文，题目是《论维恩光谱方程的完善》，第一次提出了黑体辐射公式。12月14日，在德国物理学会的例会上，普朗克作了《论正常光谱中的能量分布》的报告。在这个报告中，他激动地阐述了自己最惊人的发现。他说，为了从理论上得出正确的辐射公式，必须假定物质辐射（或吸收）的能量不是连续地、而是一份一份地进行的，只能取某个最小数值的整数倍。这个最小数值就叫能量子，辐射频率是ν的能量的最小数值ε=hν。其中h，普朗克当时把它叫做基本作用量子，现在叫做普朗克常数。普朗克常数是现代物理学中最重要的物理常数，它标志着物理学从“经典幼虫”变成“现代蝴蝶”。1906年普朗克在《热辐射讲义》一书中，系统地总结了他的工作，为开辟探索微观物质运动规律新途径提供了重要的基础。
三、趣闻轶事
1.启蒙老师
普朗克走上研究自然科学的道路，在很大程度上应该归功于一个名叫缪勒的中学老师。普朗克童年时期爱好音乐，又爱好文学。后来他听了缪勒讲的一个动人故事：一个建筑工匠花了很大的力气把砖搬到屋顶上，工匠做的功并没有消失，而是变成能量贮存下来了；一旦砖块因为风化松动掉下来，砸在别人头上或者东西上面，能量又会被释放出来，……这个能量守恒定律的故事给普朗克留下了终生难忘的印象，不但使他的爱好转向自然科学，而且成为他以后研究工作的基础之一。
2.“普朗克行星”
普朗克进入科学殿堂以后，无论遇到什么困难，都没有动摇过他献身于科学的决心。他的家庭相继发生过许多不幸：1909年妻子去世，1916年儿子在第一次世界大战中战死，1917年和1919年两个女儿先后都死于难产，1944年长子被希特勒处死。但是普朗克总是用奋发忘我的工作抑制自己的感情和悲痛，为科学做出了一个又一个重要的贡献。
他一生发表了215篇研究论文和7部著作，其中包括1959年所著的《物理学中的哲学》一书。
在普朗克诞辰80周年的庆祝会上，人们“赠给”他一个小行星，并命名为“普朗克行星”。1946年他虽然体弱，但却非常高兴地出席了皇家学会的纪念牛顿的集会。
3.墓碑号刻着他的名和h的值
普朗克为人谦虚，作风严谨。在1918年4月德国物理学会庆贺他60寿辰的纪念会上，普朗克致答词说：“试想有一位矿工，他竭尽全力地进行贵重矿石的勘探，有一次他找到了天然金矿脉，而且在进一步研究中发现它是无价之宝，比先前可能设想的还要贵重无数倍。假如不是他自己碰上这个宝藏，那么无疑地，他的同事也会很快地、幸运地碰上它的。”这当然是普朗克的谦虚。洛仑兹在评论普朗克关于能量子这个大胆假设的时候所说的话，才道出了问题的本质。他说：“我们一定不要忘记，这样灵感观念的好运气，只有那些刻苦工作和深入思考的人才能得到。”
1947年10月3日，普朗克在哥廷根病逝，终年89岁。德国政府为了纪念这位伟大的物理学家，把威廉皇家研究所改名叫普朗克研究所。
Planck studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin, where his teachers included Kirchhoff and Helmholtz, and received his doctorate of philosophy at Munich in 1879. He was Privatdozent in Munich from 1880 to 1885, then Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at Kiel until 1889, in which year he succeeded Kirchhoff as Professor at Berlin University, where he remained until his retirement in 1926. Afterwards he became President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science, a post he held until 1937. The Prussian Academy of Sciences appointed him a member in 1894 and Permanent Secretary in 1912.
Planck's earliest work was on the subject of thermodynamics, an interest he acquired from his studies under Kirchhoff, whom he greatly admired, and very considerably from reading R. Clausius' publications. He published papers on entropy, on thermoelectric ity and on the theory of dilute solutions.
At the same time also the problems of radiation processes engaged his attention and he showed that these were to be considered as electromagnetic in nature. From these studies he was led to the problem of the distribution of energy in the spectrum of full radiation. Experimental observations on the wavelength distribution of the energy emitted by a black body as a function of temperature were at variance with the predictions of classical physics. Planck was able to deduce the relationship between the ener gy and the frequency of radiation. In a paper published in 1900, he announced his derivation of the relationship: this was based on the revolutionary idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency v is hv where h is a universal constant, now called Planck's constant.
This was not only Planck's most important work but also marked a turning point in the history of physics. The importance of the discovery, with its far-reaching effect on classical physics, was not appreciated at first. However the evidence for its validi ty gradually became overwhelming as its application accounted for many discrepancies between observed phenomena and classical theory. Among these applications and developments may be mentioned Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Planck's work on the quantum theory, as it came to be known, was published in the Annalen der Physik. His work is summarized in two books Thermodynamik (Thermodynamics) (1897) and Theorie der Wärmestrahlung (Theory of heat radiat ion) (1906).
He was elected to Foreign Membership of the Royal Society in 1926, being awarded the Society's Copley Medal in 1928.
Planck faced a troubled and tragic period in his life during the period of the Nazi government in Germany, when he felt it his duty to remain in his country but was openly opposed to some of the Government's policies, particularly as regards the persecuti on of the Jews. In the last weeks of the war he suffered great hardship after his home was destroyed by bombing.
He was revered by his colleagues not only for the importance of his discoveries but for his great personal qualities. He was also a gifted pianist and is said to have at one time considered music as a career.
Planck was twice married. Upon his appointment, in 1885, to Associate Professor in his native town Kiel he married a friend of his childhood, Marie Merck, who died in 1909. He remarried her cousin Marga von Hösslin. Three of his children died young, leaving him with two sons.
He suffered a personal tragedy when one of them was executed for his part in an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Hitler in 1944.
He died at Göttingen on October 4, 1947.
闽振13030478508： 普朗克给的能量量子化的解释：黑体中经典粒子的振动能量只能取某些特定的值。封闭谐振腔内的振动频率必然是量子化的，普朗克把黑体看作是谐振腔，把能量想成某一基本能量的整数倍 在物理学中，普朗克黑体辐射定律（也简称作普朗克定律或黑体辐射定律，英文：Planck's law, Blackbody radiation law）描述，在...
闽振13030478508： HELLO，普朗克怎么解释的黑体辐射，普朗克黑体公式简介很多人还不知道，现在让我们一起来看看吧！1、中文名：普朗克黑体公式外文名：Planck's law, Blackbody radiation law学科：物理学提出者：普朗克提出时间：1900年应用：理论物理、黑洞物理学中。2、普朗克黑体公式（也简称作普朗克定律或黑体辐射定律）（...
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闽振13030478508： 在物理学中，普朗克黑体辐射定律（也简称作普朗克定律或黑体辐射定律，英文：Plancks law, Blackbody radiation law）描述，在任意温度T下，从一个黑体中发射出的电磁辐射的辐射率与频率彼此之间的关系。德国物理学家M.普朗克在量子论基础上建立的关于黑体辐射的正确公式。19世纪末，经典统计物理学在研究黑体...
闽振13030478508： 普朗克温度，也被称为普朗克热点，以德国物理学家马克斯·普朗克命名，是温度的上限，简记为TP，英文名为Planck temperature。它是自然单位系统中普朗克单位，并且是代表着量子力学中的一个基础极限的普朗克单位。与绝对零度相反，普朗克温度是温度的基础上限。现代科学认为推测任何东西比这更热是毫无意义的。据...
闽振13030478508： 量子的英文是quantum。一个物理量如果有最小的单元而不可连续的分割，就说这个物理量是量子化的，并把最小的单元称为量子。量子物理是根据量子化的物理分支，在1900年以理论来建立。由于马克斯·普朗克（M. Planck）解释所谓的黑体辐射，他的工作根本上合并了量子化，到了今天它仍被使用。但他严重地...
闽振13030478508： 海洋之灾普朗克Gangplank 德玛西亚之力盖伦Garen 迷失之牙纳尔Gnar 酒桶古拉加斯Gragas 法外狂徒格雷福斯Graves 战争之影赫卡里姆Hecarim 大发明家黑默丁格Heimerdinger 海兽祭司俄洛伊Illaoi 刀锋意志艾瑞莉娅Irelia 风暴之怒迦娜Janna 德玛西亚皇子嘉文四世Jarvan IV 武器大师贾克斯Jax 未来守护者杰斯Jayce...
闽振13030478508： 详细介绍如下：物理学家以此作为热辐射研究的标准物体。它能够完全吸收外来的全部电磁辐射，并且不会有任何的反射与透射，这种物体就是绝对黑体。黑体辐射是指在一定温度下，表面对电磁波的反射率为零时所产生的辐射。黑体会无损地吸收、辐射和扩散所有频率和波长的光。黑体辐射现象是普朗克（Max Planck）于...
闽振13030478508： 1、ADC（Attack Damage Carry）：物理输出核心 定位：提供持续物理输出，另外由于绝大多数英雄技能无法作用于建筑，团战时ADC往往需保持自身存活至最后，以便在团战获胜后快速拆除敌方防御塔。2、T：Tank的缩写，肉盾，护甲高，血量多，能够承受大量伤害的英雄。即铁男、奶爸类英雄 3、MID：占据地图中央兵...
闽振13030478508： 海洋之灾：普朗克（Gangplank） 495 205 17 审判天使：凯尔（Kayle） 418 255 17 虚空行者：卡萨丁（Kassadin） 433 230 14 英勇投弹手：库奇（Corki） 375 243 13.5 祖安狂人：蒙多医生（DrMundo） 468 0 17 死亡颂唱者：卡尔萨斯（Karthus） 390 270 11 武器大师：贾克斯（Jax） 423 ...
